Siwalik is a highland region between the Mahabharat and Chure mountain ranges in Nepal. The classical work on its stratigraphy and vertebrate fauna was started by 19th century British researchers, with American researchers making significant contributions to Siwalik mammalian biostratigraphy in the 20th century. Though excellent collections were made in the 19th century, there was little emphasis at the time on in situ collections, and precise stratigraphic locations of several key specimens are still not known. Various faunal lists were published in the 1930s which remain in use today, but are in dire need of revision. In this book, an attempt is made to fill some of these thematic gaps and recent advancements made in the Siwalik fossiliferous areas of the Indian subcontinent are discussed. Recent faunal findings in equivalent fossiliferous beds of Myanmar are also mentioned. Palaeoenvironmental, palaeoeological and palaeoclimatic inputs associated with the Siwalik mammalian faunas are discussed. The Recent (or late Quaternary) mammalian fauna of India probably has its origin within the Siwalik faunas, and an attempt has been made to find out the related elements in the Siwalik faunas. The relationships of the Pinjor Fauna (the youngest fauna of the Siwalik Group) with the younger and Recent mammalian faunas from the Indian subcontinent have been worked out. Generations of Siwalik vertebrates were witness to the gradual uplift of the Himalayan range. The link between the Lower and Middle Siwalik faunas with respect to correlated groups in Europe, Africa and Turkey are discussed to know the impact of this uplift. Standard reference sections of the Siwalik Group are proposed for India, as rnost of the type areas of the Siwalik Group are in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The systematic palaeontology of the Upper and Middle Siwalik mammalian fossils, collected by author, is provided. Contents PART 1: Siwalik Stratigraphy and relationship of faunas Chapter 1: Introduction Foreland Basin, Lower Tertiary successions, Siwalik Group Chapter 2: Historical review of the vertebrate faunal discoveries Chapter 3: Classification of the Siwalik Group  Classification proposed By Pilgrim  Classification for the Murree and Siwalik successions in Pakistan  Biostratigraphic Interval-Zones based on Magnetostratigraphy  Classification based on Energy Sequence Chapter 4: Mammalian faunas of the Siwalik Group Chapter 5: Prevailing confusions and suggested Standard Reference Sections  Problems in Siwalik Biostratigraphy  Need to recognise the Standard Reference Sections in India  Siwalik succession and suggested Standard Reference Sections for India Chapter 6: Fossil bearing horizons of the Siwalik Group and its coevals: Recent Advances  Siwalik Group of Northwest India (Areas: Ramnagar, Nurpur, Haritalyangar, Chandigarh, Jammu)  Siwaliks of Piram Island (Gujarat)  Pakistan Siwaliks (Areas: Daud Khel, Mangla-Samwal, Pabbi Hills, Bhattani and Marwat Ranges, Manchar Lake, Sulaiman Ranges, Bugti Hills)  Nepal Siwaliks (Areas: Surai Khola, Rato Khola, Gidhniya, Kathmandu Valley)  Mammalian fossil horizons of Northern Myanmar Chapter 7: Siwalik faunas and younger faunas: Implication for indigenous evolution and migrations  Pinjor Fauna in relation to the post-Siwalik faunas of Peninsular India, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Kurnool Caves, and Recent faunas  Setting of Recent Faunal elements in the Siwalik Group Chapter 8: Siwalik Palaeoenvironment, Palaeoecology and Palaeoclimate Chapter 9: Uplift-denudation of Himalaya: Evidence from Cenozoic mammalian faunas  Pre Siwalik faunas,  Siwalik faunas  Uplift of Himalaya  Onset of Monsoon PART 2: Systematic Palaeontology Orders: Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla References Abbreviations, Subject and mammalian species index and Plates