This book, with thirteen chapters by different authors,seeks to critically analyze the politics of history, memory and identity in shaping the post-Soviet nation building process in the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The centuries’ old subordination under Russian Empire, twenty two years of independent statehood in the interwar period (1918-1940), fifty years of occupation under Soviet regime and Nazi occupation of a brief period of three years during the Second World War are the focal points of contemporary national building in Baltic states.Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia emerged as independent states for the first time in modern history in 1918 after the First World War. They lost their short lived independence in 1940 during the Second World War consequent upon the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union under Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. They were finally brought under the domination of Soviet Union after the War to remain as Soviet republics until they re-established independence in 1991 through a non-violent freedom movement, “the Singing Revolution”. They consider Soviet Union as a colonizer which coercively annexed and “illegally occupied” them. They view themselves as part of “civic Europe/West” to which they want to return and reclaim their real past and right to national historiography. In the post-colonial setting of Baltic nation building and democratic transformation in the post-Soviet era under the framework of Russian otherness and European sameness, the politics of “othering” is focused on narratives of victimization and innocence of majority ethnicity, historical injustice, cultural domination, “illegal occupation”, and contested interpretation of the experience of Second World War. Russian speaking minority is framed as “compatriots”, “illegal migrants”, and “colonists” who cannot be imagined as natural members of post-Soviet political community at par with Baltic majority ethnicity. Russia, thus, is implicated securitizing as external enemy/existential threat and Europe is accepted as protector and guarantor of security and development.When looking at the Baltic nation building narrative depicting Nazi and Soviet crimes as “equal genocides” through the prism of Holocaust, it reflects an irreconcilable and contested victimhood challenging the fragility and innocence of Baltic majority ethnicity who were also collaborators and perpetrators in Holocaust. Therefore, Baltic nation building project is impregnated with complexity and multiple dilemma related to history, memory and identity manifested in issues of citizenship, statelessness, minority rights, social integration, democratization,security and foreign policy.